A well maintained car has less chances of ditching you while driving then an ill maintained one. You should have a regular maintenance checklist of your car throughout the year. Some specific maintenance is advisable on a seasonal basis. And generally annual preparation tips include cleaning battery posts, inspection of spark plugs and breaks, and checking the engine oil.

Here are some winter maintenance tips you should keep in mind for preparing your car for winter:

? Check your Antifreeze: antifreeze plays a vital role of your car’s protection against cold weather. A car generally has a solvent made with 50% water and 50% antifreeze in it. The level of the mixture should be checked regularly and should ideally be at full level. If you do not have the knowledge or are not open to the idea of popping that hood of your car, many service centers and mechanics will check the level for you free of any charge. A radiator flush should have already been done in the last season for optimal performance of your car.

? Inspect your tires: Good and healthy tires have many benefits. From assisting in good and efficient breaking to boosting the mileage, a good set of tires proves to be a knight in shining armor in winter. The depth of the tires should be checked for optimum depth. The recommended tire depth is 2/32′ but if your tire depth is less then 4/32″ then you should consider buying a new tire. Along with a tire in a good condition, the tire pressure should also be checked and maintained at the recommended pressure for the tire, the tire losses pressure in winter because of contraction of air molecules.

? Replace your wipers: In winter wipers do the job of cleaning and wiping anything that falls on your windshield, from snowfall to splashed slush from molten snow, the wipers of a car take care of everything. For proper cleaning a wiper should be in a healthy condition. The rubber blades of the wiper should be checked for cracks and unevenness resulting from change in weather conditions, or long term use.

? Check your windshield washer fluid: Windshields are used regularly in winter for cleaning the windshield. A lot of dirt and dust settled on the windscreen turns to stains when it mixes with dewdrops or water from snow. The use of washer fluid is used extensively for this reason only. The level of washer fluid should be checked regularly to avoid running out of the washer fluid. Care should be taken not to use anything other then washer fluid in the washer fluid reservoir because a washer fluid is specially designed for winter and wont freeze.

Apart from the above mentioned tips, many other precautions could be undertaken to suit the individual needs.

Article written by Richard Crittendon of Automobile.com. For related information, see the recent article on the 2008Toyota4 Runner SR5 Sport review.

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Principle of the Air conditioner

The air conditioner works on the principle of successive cooling and heating of the volatile liquid called Freon. The Freon first enters the compressor here it is compressed into gas. On compression the heat is released and the liquid is cooled. The heat is dispersed with a fan. The liquid then enters the condenser where it absorbs the heat from the surroundings and the liquid is converted into gas. With this conversion the surroundings become cool. This is the entire cycle and the room is cooled.

The various parts

Compressor

Compressor is used to squeeze the Freon. On squeezing the pressure of the cool, low pressure gas Freon increases due to packing of the molecules, its temperature and energy also increases.

Condenser
Condenser helps to disperse the heat generated by the gas which comes outside the compressor. It is almost like a radiator inside the gas. The condenser has metal fins all around which helps in heat dissipation.

Evaporator

Once the gas leaves the condenser its nature has changed from gas to liquid and it is much cooler. The liquid goes into the evaporator and its pressure drops and it again changes into gas. The liquid goes into the evaporator through a small narrow hole. On changing into gas it takes the heat from the air around it. This heat is required to change the liquid into gas. The evaporator is also provided with metal fins which help in heat exchange with the air surrounding it. From the evaporator the gas goes into the compressor again.

The evaporator, condenser and compressor are the three main parts. Outside the air conditioner you find the condenser and the compressor. On the inside is the evaporator.

Other than the three basic AC parts there is a hot coil on the outside of the air conditioner this helps to disperse the heat. The cool coil is found outside the air conditioner helps to absorb the heat. There are two fans in the Air conditioner and a control circuit which helps to modify the temperature. Temperature modification is possible through the use of potentiometer.

The outer cover of the air conditioner gives it an aesthetic appeal. Covers are made of molded plastic and in a wide range of designs and colors. Buttons and knobs are also easily available in the market. If the air conditioner is installed facing the road the water carrying duct is necessary to drain the water.

Replaceable parts
Of all the Ac parts the compressor is the most expensive and hence the most important. Warranties are provided for the compressor and some compressors work for several years without any repair. New compressors are also available in the market, which can be installed when the original air conditioner develops faults. In new air conditioners only some manufacturers make their own compressor. Others buy the compressor from other companies and install it in their machines.

Other replaceable parts in an air conditioner are the condensers and evaporators. The cooling and heating coils also can be replaced. Coils generally develop faulty heat dissipation and give unsatisfactory cooling results. The easiest of replaceable ac parts are the fans.

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Earlier aerodynamics was only restricted to race cars like those in F1 cars but these days’ high-end luxury cars like BMW and Audi are also adorned with aerodynamic design specifications in order to improve performance and mileage.

The two basic principles of car aerodynamics are drag and downforce. These define the speed, control, and even mileage of any car.

Drag

Some energy is required by cars to move through the air. This energy is used in overcoming a force known as drag.

When there is air resistance, the measurement of drag helps to define complex dependencies of shape and inclination. This measurement is known as drag coefficient which is calculated experimentally through

Cw = W/A v2* Q/2

Where, Cw is drag coefficient, W is air resistance, A is cross-sectional area, V is driving speed, and Q is air density.

In car aerodynamics, drag actually comprises of two forces, frontal pressure and rear vacuum. Frontal pressure is generated by the air that attempts to flow around the front of the car. As air moves towards the front grille or bumper, the air molecules begin to compress and increase the air pressure at the front of the car. This puts extra pressure on the engine to run the car, so if the front is sleek, the air pressure distributes along the sides of the car, thereby increasing the speed of the car.

Rear vacuum pressure applies to the hole that a car leaves behind in the air while moving. The boxy structure of the car creates a bigger vacuum behind the car and the air molecules are not able to fill in the empty space. This creates an opposite force which increases the force required to overcome the air resistance. The inability of air molecules to fill the space is known as flow detachment which creates turbulence. Therefore, the entire length of the car needs to be modified to support the aerodynamic structure of the car.

Downforce

Downforce is the pressure caused by moving air that flows over the surface of the car and creates weight on the area. Downforce helps increase tyre grip and cornering speed. This can be simply done by introducing inverted wings to force the car down on the track.

Air pressure is high when it approaches the front of the car and then gradually air slows down, resulting in more molecules packed into a smaller space. When the molecules stagnate, it hunts for a lower pressure area that includes the sides, top and bottom of the car. Further to that air loses the pressure as it travels through the car’s hood but when it hits the windscreen it again increases. The air pressure created above the hood of the car creates a downforce that puts the car stable on racing tracks even at high speeds. Therefore, there should be less surface area on the roof of the car.

Conclusion

To have better car dynamics ideally the racing car should have sleek body structure, reclining windshield, raked chassis, small grill, minimal ground clearance, slightly raked underside, and converging tail to keep the air flow attached.

These modifications will help enhance stability even at higher speeds as well as improve fuel efficiency.

Carazoo.com

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